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JVLR TOK: Write / Cite

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How to Write

How to Write

Sentence Starters via University of Manchester Academic Phrasebank

This website provides a bank of phrases that will enhance the way you write different sections of your TOK essay. These will help you articulate precise and focused sentences to communicate concisely and coherently.

The website is organized into categories based on the need of your argument. See the blue header:

Choose your communication need, then see sentence starters to help organize your information

Particularly helpful:

  • Being Critical: You are expected to be critical of the sources you use. This means questioning what you read and not necessarily agreeing with it just because the information has been published. Being critical can also mean looking for reasons why we should not just accept something as being correct or true. This can require you to identify problems with a writer’s arguments or methods, or perhaps to refer to other people’s criticisms of these. Constructive criticism goes beyond this by suggesting ways in which a piece of research or writing could be improved. (via University of Manchester Academic Phrasebank)
  • Writing Conclusions: Conclusions are shorter sections of academic texts which usually serve two functions. The first is to summarise and bring together the main areas covered in the writing, which might be called ‘looking back’; and the second is to give a final comment or judgement on this. The final comment may also include making suggestions for improvement and speculating on future directions. (via University of Manchester Academic Phrasebank)

How to Cite

How to Cite

See our MLA page for more detailed information

Click tabs to see ways to cite

You should cite when:

  • Referring to a source and stating someone else's opinions, thoughts, ideas, or research
  • Using an image or media file that you did not create
    ​When in doubt, cite it

When referring to a source, you have 3 options:

  1. Directly Quoting 
  2. Summarizing 
  3. Paraphrase 

Which option you should choose depends on how much of a source you are using, how you are using it, and what kind of paper you are writing--since different fields use sources in different ways.

You do not need to cite a source for:

  • Your thoughts and your interpretations
  • Common knowledge​

via, Otis Library

What is a direct quotation? 

"Must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author."

Use it:

  • If summarizing or paraphrasing cannot capture the essence or meaning of the text 
  • To retain a specific or unique phrasing used by the source's author
  • If you are analyzing the text itself (often in English or language classes)

Be advised:

Most of the time when you cite a source, you want to summarize or paraphrase. Direct quotations should be used sparingly when the situation meets the criteria above. When you do use direct quotations:

  • Do not take the quote out of context. The author's meaning should not change.
  • Be sure to integrate multiple sources within your text. You don't want to have a paper or a passage that seems to have come only from one source, with little original text from you.
  • Use transitions to make sure your quote adds to your paper without interrupting its flow.

How to Cite a Direct Quotation:  

  • Place quotation marks around the entire word-for-word passage, whether it's a phrase or a sentence.
  • Attribute with an in-text citation; most citation styles request that you provide a page or paragraph number when directly citing.  
  • If your quotation is longer, check with your citation style guide to see if additional formatting is necessary (block quotations, for example). 

via, Otis Library

What is a Summary?

"Involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s).... Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material." 

"Similar to paraphrasing, summarizing involves using your own words and writing style to express another author's ideas. Unlike the paraphrase, which presents important details, the summary presents only the most important ideas of the passage."

Use it:

  • To provide necessary background information for your audience
  • When broad, concise information will suffice 

How to cite a summary:  

  • Attribute with an in-text citation; some citation styles request that you provide a page or paragragh number whenever available.
  • You should not be using any word-for-word quotations or language unique to the source, so you do NOT need quotation marks around your summary

via, Otis Library

What is a paraphrase? 

"A paraphrase is a detailed restatement in your own words of a written or sometimes spoken source material. Apart from the changes in organization, wording, and sentence structure, the paraphrase should be nearly identical in meaning to the original passage. It should also be near the same length as the original passage and present the details of the original."

Paraphrasing is "your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form."

When paraphrasing, you must change both the sentence structure and the language of the original text

Use it:

  • "When the wording is less important than the meaning of the source"
  • If a summary would not provide enough specific details

How to cite a paraphrase:  

  • Attribute with an in-text citation; some citation styles request that you provide a page or paragraph number whenever available.
  • When paraphrasing, you must change both the sentence structure and language of the original text.  Therefore, since you will be changing the text, you do NOT need quotation marks around your paraphrase

via, Otis Library

Common Knowledge:

It doesn't necessarily mean that most people would know it offhand. And sometimes it's a judgment call because what seems like common knowledge to one person isn't to another. Here are good rules of thumb:

  • If you can find the same information in multiple places, stated in relatively the same way, it's common knowledge (Generally, it is said that you should find the information three to five sources)
  • If most people are aware of this fact, or if it's general reference, it's common knowledge

Caution:  Opinions and unique terminology/phrasing do not qualify as common knowledge.

When in doubt, cite

via, Otis Library